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Conifers of the boreal area

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Vol 42, No 4 (2024)
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BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, FORESTRY

7-10 6
Abstract

Over the past decades, there has been a continuous global warming of the climate. In Russia, for every 10 years, the total increase in atmospheric temperature is 0.61 °C and the average monthly precipitation increase is 2.2 mm. In the available publications devoted to the modeling of forest phytomass under the influence of the simultaneous action of temperatures and precipitation, the contribution of these variables to the explanation of the variability of phytomass turns out to be either insignificant or zero, mainly due to the regional level of models. The purpose of this transcontinental study is to find out whether the patterns of forest aboveground and underground phytomass change when the calendar range of averaging temperatures and precipitation for the period 1970–2000 (WorldClim version 2.1) is replaced by the averaging period for 1997–2006 (World Weather Maps, 2007) in territorial climatic gradients using the example of five coniferous of Eurasia. As a result, it was found that the contribution of the binary variable encoding two different calendar periods of averaging climatic data to the explanation of the variation in the phytomass averaged about 1%, and its significance level according to the Student was 0.74, which is lower than the standard value t05 = 1.96. Thus, the hypothesis about the influence of the calendar period of averaging temperatures and precipitation on the value of the simulated aboveground and underground phytomass of conifers has not been confirmed.

11-16 12
Abstract

In studies of biological productivity and carbon deposition capacity of forests, the qualimetric characteristics of biomass, in particular, moisture and basic density (BD) of wood and bark of stems, are important. BD, as the ratio of the mass of dry matter of stems to their volume in a fresh state, is one of the most important qualimetric characteristics of wood raw materials. It makes a significant contribution to explaining the variability of stem and aboveground biomass. It is known that BD is species-specific, but data on the distribution of BD of wood, and especially of bark, along the stem are quite rare. The purpose of our study was to analyze the specific features of changes in the basic density of wood and bark along the stem of the tree. According to the data of 3849 disks taken from the relative heights of stems for six forest-forming species along the Ural meridian, regression models of a mixed type were calculated, including as independent variables the age of the tree and the diameter of the stem, as well as the position of the  disk along the stem. The species identity of the BD is taken into account by entering dummy variables into the model. It was found that the BF of wood in all species decreases monotonously in the direction from the base of the stem to the top, and the BD of the bark increases monotonously in the same direction. The largest BD of wood is inherent in larch and birch and the smallest one in fir. Siberian cedar has the highest bark density and Scots pine has the smallest one. 

17–22
Abstract

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of land resources in the western part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Prichulymye). The characteristics of the land fund, productivity, soil properties, their morphological and chemical properties are given depending on the landscape features of the territory. Natural and climatic conditions are diverse, which is due to the peculiarities of the geographical location at the junction of various natural zones from taiga, subtaiga to island forest-steppes and steppes. The study area is characterized by a significant diversity of relief and is located in three physical-geographical countries: most of the Central Siberian Plateau, the eastern part of the West Siberian Lowland and the foothills of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country. An assessment of soil and vegetation cover is given depending on the geographical location and its influence on the productivity and economic activities of people. Each soil zone is characterized by the complexity and diversity of the bud cover, which is associated with a complex combination of soil formation factors. The general features of soil formation conditions are: a shortened period of active biogeochemical processes; the uniqueness of the thermal regime – sharp fluctuations in temperature throughout the season, year and day; the influence of a cold, long-seasonally frozen horizon; the uniqueness of the hydrological regime, which is associated with the slowly thawing permafrost horizon; the influence of this horizon on the dynamics of nutrients in individual phases of plant development. The most fertile and agriculturally developed are chernozems. Based on the above studies, it has been established that the possibilities of human impact on the soil are increasing every year. They are not limited only to agricultural production, but are also associated with the expansion of the area of open-pit coal mining, which means more soil will be destroyed and covered with overburden. State district power plants, plants, factories, thousands of cars and tractors emit gases, soot, dust, which to one degree or another affect soil processes. Large areas of land near construction sites, along roads, near field camps remain unused and are subject to destruction. Thus, solving problems related to soil protection and their rational use is a very urgent task.

23-32 9
Abstract

The stem taper is traditionally used to predict diameter values at any height from the butt to the top. The diameter values predicted by the model can also be used to establish taxation characteristics of trunks. Spruce is an important forest-forming species, therefore, to improve the accuracy of determining the volumetric characteristics of forest stands and their wood assortment structure, work is required to improve existing standards for forest taxation. As a result of field work and archival data, 21296 diameter measurements were obtained at various heights for 1686 spruce trees growing in the Kostroma Oblast. Based on the analysis of tree trunks, the quality of using a three-parameter generatrix model with one equation for calculating indicators of shape, full woodiness and volume of tree trunks in spruce stands of the Kostroma Oblast was assessed using quality metrics generally accepted in statistics. It has been established that the use of the considered generatrix equation for calculating the main taxation indicators of tree trunks and their volumes in spruce stands in the Kostroma Oblast will help to increase the accuracy of forest accounting work and increase the of forestry activities. Further research is required aimed at developing an algorithm for introducing this model into the mechanism for sorting individual trunks and tree stands, and the formation of new regional standards for forest taxation.  

33–37 6
Abstract

The analysis of generative organs of Larix sibirica and Larix gmelinii growing in natural and artificial plantings of Siberia is presented in this work. The collection of cones of Gmelin larch growing in the natural plantings in the northern (Evenkiysky Field station) and in the eastern (Bodaybo) range boundaries. In artificial plantings, samples of cones of L. sibirica and L. gmelinii were taken in the arboretum of Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk). Based on information about the length and width of cones and the number of seed scales, the seed productivity of the generative organs of larches was calculated. The study of the structure of the L. gmelinii crop on the northern (Evenkiysky Field station) and the eastern border of the area (Bodaybo) showed that cones of this species are formed smaller than trees from the arboretum (16.07±0.4 mm versus 19.53±0.3 mm). The seed productivity of the female cone of L. sibirica is higher than that of L. gmelinii. It was found that with a sufficiently high seed productivity of female cones in larch species, the formation of full-grain seeds in L. sibirica and L. gmelinii is extremely low. Most of the seeds are damaged by conobionts. In order to preserve the larch gene pool, it is necessary to use modern reproduction biotechnologies. One of these technologies is the biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis in in vitro culture.

38–44 7
Abstract

The article presents the results of a survey of field permanent nursery of the North taiga forest district of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The density of seedlings ranges from 6 to 69 pcs / m2, with a healthy proportion of 29–91 %.  A positive effect on the survival of seedlings of the presence of representatives of the legume family among weeds was revealed. Polyleaf lupin has a positive effect only when growing in kurtins. A high significant closeness of the relationship between the proportion of healthy seedlings and the amount of precipitation in June and July with severe contamination of crops was revealed. Despite the high projective coverage of weed vegetation in the fields, seedlings on heavily humusized soil are characterized by large sizes compared to other fields. The difference is 34 %. The indicator of the best nitrogen nutrition is the length of the needles, which increases by 36 % with a 2-fold increase in available nitrogen in the soil. In conditions of severe field contamination, the ratio of the length of the aboveground and underground part of seedlings is stable, which is 0.48 for two-year-old spruce seedlings, and 0.77 for three-year-olds. The increased content of humus contributes to the development of lateral roots. According to the ratio of thin roots to the aboveground part, seedlings of high quality are formed under these conditions. The Dixon quality index of seedlings in conditions of increased field contamination is 10 times lower compared to seedlings of standard sizes and indicates the need to grow seedlings for at least three more years.

45–54 3
Abstract

The exploration, settlement and development of the Siberian region are associated with a variety of personalities: from exiles, both political and criminal; from the Cossacks of the 17th century to the emperors of the 19th century, famous writers and discoverers of different historical eras. Historical events took place in the city, it was visited by famous Russian and foreign representatives, and now there are outstanding Siberian people whose life and activities are connected with natural places and even individual unique plants, both local flora and introduced species. Currently, in Krasnoyarsk, there is practically no activity to identify unique trees of historical and biological interest, to give them official status, to preserve and protect them. At the same time, on the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories,” regional specially protected natural complexes have been identified. There are 114 objects in total, the largest is Ergaki Nature Park, 41 are nature reserves, 72 are natural monuments, of which 22 are botanical. Currently, in 2010, in Russia, the committees of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation established the All-Russian program “Trees – Monuments of Living Nature”. The goal of the Program is to search and preserve unique old-growth trees that are of natural, cultural and historical value for the Russian Federation, giving them the status of state-protected natural objects, forming a unified National Register of old-growth trees in Russia, environmental and patriotic education of the younger generation. The article presents the winning trees of this competition from different years. Krasnoyarsk Krai does not participate in this program. It is also important for the Krasnoyarsk Krai to search for unique trees and give them the status of a protected natural object that has natural, cultural and even historical value. In Krasnoyarsk, four types of objects can be distinguished: old-growth native species growing in natural and artificial plantings; introduced plants, which homeland is in other landscape zones not typical for our city. They are of environmental biological value; trees of historical and cultural value; trees of modern historical and cultural value. 

55–61 4
Abstract

The work is devoted to improving the regulatory framework for the taxation of Siberian stands. The variety of forest growing conditions in this vast region, mediated by various landforms, diversity of soil cover, differences in moisture availability, and climate features, largely regulate not only the species composition of stands, but also their productivity. This circumstance requires the development of taxation standards corresponding to the characteristics of individual forest biological systems.

Based on the analysis of the volume-forming factors of aspen trunks in the forest-steppe zone of Central Siberia, significant deviations in the magnitude of species heights compared to those used were established. A three-dimensional table has been developed that takes into account the peculiarities of the formation of aspen trunks and stand stocks in the study area. The conducted studies confirm the importance of developing regional standards for determining the volumes of trunks and stocks with the necessary accuracy when assessing the formation of stands and taking into account the dynamics of a number of volume-forming features of aspen tree trunks corresponding to the object of study. The work is based on materials from 4 trial areas, with cutting and measuring 127 model trees.

62–74 6
Abstract

The regenerative ability of cuttings of decorative forms and varieties of common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.) was studied during their introduction to the Nizhny Novgorod region. The relevance of the work is due to the unrelenting need to expand and optimize the list of species of woody and shrubby plants used in the creation of multifunctional urban plantings. Among them, representatives of the genus Ninebark (Physocarpus (Cambess.) Maxim.) are promising, able to effectively perform their sanitary and hygienic, decorative and aesthetic, recreational and balneological functions. The purpose of the study is to give a comparative assessment of decorative forms and varieties of pemphigus according to the ability of their cuttings to root in conditions of seasonal vegetation structures. The object of research were reproductively mature plants of vegetative origin of the same age, belonging to the typical form of the species under study and its varieties: ´Luteus´ (P. opulifolius f. 'Luteus'), ´Summer Wine´ (P. opulifolius f. ´Summer Wine´), ´Diablo´ (P. opulifolius f. 'Diabolo'). According to the current forest zoning, the territory of the deployment of experimental plots belongs to the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, coniferous-deciduous forest area of the European part of the Russian Federation (3 forest area). The work was carried out using a field stationary and laboratory method. The methodological approach provided for the observance of the principle of the only logical difference and the basic requirements for the organization of experience: typicality, suitability and expediency. The subject of research was the processes of callusogenesis, rhizogenesis and post-regenerative development occurring on summer cuttings during their rooting.

75–81 6
Abstract

On the plantation “LЕР-2”, located in the Karaulny forestry of the Educational and Experimental Forestry Enterprise of Siberian State University named after. M. F. Reshetnev, the second generation of Pinus sibirica grows. The plantation was created by seedlings grown from cones collected from populations of different geographical origins: Altai, Biryusa, Leninogorsk, Tanzybey, Tisul, Cheremkhovo and Yartsevo, differing by northern latitude from 50°12' (Leninogorskoye) to 61°00' (Yartsevskoye), eastern longitude from 85°33' (Leninogorskoye) to 102°36' (Cheremkhovo), and in altitude from 100 m (Yartsevskoye) to 1700 m (Leninogorskoye). These offspring are raised near the northern latitude – 56°00', eastern longitude – 92°30', altitude – 300 m. Formation of microstrobiles on Pinus Sibirica at single copies was noted at 18 and 19 years of age. The indicators of trees with early microstrobile formation were compared with those that had not entered the reproductive phase of development. It was established that in Pinus sibirica at the age of 18, microstrobiles were formed in single trees of Altai (No. 6-7 and No. 6-19), Divnogorsk (No. 7-13 and  No. 10-22), Leninogorsk (No. 5-37), Tisul (No. 3-13 and No. 3-22) and Yartsevo (No. 4-2) origin. In the Cheremkhovo and Biryusa variants there were no trees with microstrobiles. At the age of 19, some specimens re-formed microstrobiles in variants of Altai (No. 6-7 and No. 6-19), Divnogorsk (No. 7-3) and Tisul (No. 3-13) origins. In 2023, specimens with microstrobiles were added in variants of Biryusa (No. 2-36, No. 5-3, No. 5-11) and Yartsevo (No. 4-21) origins. During two years of observations there were no specimens in the Cheremkhovo variant. Variability was noted in the number of microstrobiles on the tree and their location on the shoot. The largest number of microstrobiles was found in specimen No. 6-7 of Altai origin. The excess was 88.2%. Trees selected for pollen productivity are recommended for their further propagation and use in the creation of breeding objects for early reproductive development.

TECHNOLOGY OF LOGGING AND MECHANICAL OPERATION OF WOOD

82–88 9
Abstract

The aim of the study is influence of concentration and nature of synthetic chloroprene, piperylene and isoprene latexes on the physical and mechanical properties of a paper‒like material based on mineral fibers. The methodology of the work was in the manufacture and testing of laboratory samples of asbestos cardboard castings obtained from the composition, wt. h.: 100 ‒ asbestos fiber grade M-4-20; 5‒60 ‒ latexes: chloroprene L-7; piperylene PNK-33/2; isoprene SLIN-40, for sizing asbestos fiber grade M-4-20; 3‒6 was aluminum sulfate as a coagulant. The mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the obtained material are characterized by the physico-mechanical parameters: breaking length (L, m); tear resistance (E, mN); penetration resistance (Po, kPa); absorbency with unilateral wetting (G, g/m2); capillary absorbency (B, mm); degree of sizing (C, s/mm). Results of the work are: With an increase in the content of PNK-33/2 in the initial mass (5‒40 wt.h.), the breaking length increases. Tearing and punching resistance is: L, m/E, mN/ Po, kPa = (330‒380)–(550‒626)/(930‒1660)–(2600)/(15‒29)–(35‒40). The strength of castings with SLIN-40 practically does not depend on the binder content (10‒60 wt.h.), varying in intervals at the concentration of coagulant (3‒6 wt.h.): L, m / E, mN / Po, kPa = (160‒200)–(180‒240)/(1600‒1700)–(1300‒1700)/(15‒17)–(17‒24). The hydrophobic properties of the finished material with PNK-33/2 and SLIN-40 are quite high and increase with the growth in the binder content in the initial mass (10‒40 wt.h.) at a concentration of coagulant (3‒6 wt.h.) in the intervals: G, g/m2 / V, mm / S, s/ mm = (2,0–0,3)–(1,8–1,0)/(2,0–0,5)–(1,5–0,3)/(100‒1500)–(150‒1200). Conclusions: a material with high strength and hydrophobic properties can be obtained using latex 30‒40 wt.h. PNK-33/2 and 3‒4 wt.h. Al2(SO4)3

89–94 2
Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of sorting logs by thickness when forming sawing batches with optimal selection of sawlogs by diameter groups. Based on maximizing the volume output, science focuses production on high fractional sorting of logs by thickness through one even diameter. Manufacturers give a clear preference to coarser log sorting through two to three even diameters, seeing the cumbersome and costly sorting with high fragmentation and not finding the promised increase in the volumetric yield of lumber. Almost all sawmill scientists paid attention to the issues of fractional sorting of logs by thickness. Despite the differences in approaches and proposals, what they have in common is that the volumetric yield of lumber is traditionally considered to be the optimality criterion. The purpose of these studies is to prove the feasibility of using the profitability of lumber production as a criterion for the optimal structure and parameters of a large-scale sawmill enterprise, since it takes into account not only the volumetric yield of lumber, but also the cost at which it is achieved. To achieve the goal and solve the problems arising from it, questions arise that are not answered by the general theory of sawmilling, since in it the log is represented as a paraboloid of revolution with nominal dimensions. Therefore, the authors proposed a variant of the development of the theory of cutting logs, taking into account the random variability of curvature, ellipticity and accuracy of the location of logs.

Mathematical models that connect the probabilistic characteristics of logs and their cutting processes with the volumetric yield of lumber and the profitability of the sawmill were obtained.

95–100
Abstract

The article is devoted to summing up some preliminary results of the functioning of modern sawmill production lines based on milling saw equipment with floating (flexible) sawing plan. The analysis shows that not all declared advantages are fully realized during their operation. There is no doubt that the productivity of the sawmill flow has increased more than tenfold. Expectations for a radical simplification of the process of sorting sawn raw materials by thickness due to the automatic installation of individual sawing plan are not justified due to intractable problems in sorting lumber by size and quality. The use of expensive 3D scanners, tomographs and mechanisms for optimal orientation of logs does not lead to a noticeable increase in the volumetric yield of lumber. The procedure for assessing the effectiveness of further improvement of control and optimization systems remains unclear. For such an assessment, it is necessary, first of all, to find out how and to what extent the random characteristics of the saw log influence the efficiency of its sawing. As a result of simulation studies, a rating of the reasons for the deviation “minus” of the actual volumetric yield of lumber from its calculated value was established. It is shown that curvature comes first, far ahead of other factors. The dependences of the volumetric output and profitability of production on the curvature of the logs were obtained. They show how much it is possible to increase the volumetric yield of lumber and the profitability of their production with full or partial localization of the curvature of the logs.

ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

101-106 2
Abstract

The steady trend towards improving the process of grinding semi-finished fibrous products in pulp and paper production is caused by an increase in consumption volumes and the desire to reduce energy costs while improving the quality of the finished product. Changing the grinding parameters, which include the concentration of the fibrous mass, the rotor rotation speed, and the gap between the rotor and stator disks, allows you to control the characteristics of the resulting products over a wide range. The article examines the influence of the concentration of fibrous mass on the properties of the finished product. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished paper castings were assessed, including the breaking length of the paper, the number of double bends, the resistance to punching and tearing, as well as individual paper-forming properties, including the increase in the degree of grinding on the Schopper-Rigler scale. Grinding was carried out on a semi-industrial disk mill using a combined set with a wave-shaped inter-knife cavity with straight unidirectional knives.



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ISSN 1993-0135 (Print)