The patterns of growth and productivity of plantings are not only the theoretical basis of forestry activities, but are also used in practice to perform many calculations, serve as the basis for the construction of forest taxation standards. Tables of the course of growth of normal plantings are designed to study the regularities of the structure and can serve as a standard for forest taxation, it is advisable to compile them by bonus classes. To determine the age of ripeness and to solve other issues related to the actual state of forests, tables of the course of growth of modal plantings are intended.

In this article, on the basis of sample data from the taxation descriptions of the Yemelyanovsky forestry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a table of the course of growth of fir stands of the III class of bonitet is compiled. The alignment was carried out according to the height and diameter for each of the elements of the forest and the stock of the tier per 1 ha. The correlation coefficient ranges from 0,9737 to 0,9979, the standard relative error of the equations does not exceed ±10 %. Analysis of the compiled growth progress table showed that the age of natural ripeness of fir stands at 170 years has not yet come, which is generally characteristic of modal stands, the age of quantitative ripeness is observed at 80 years. To compare the compiled growth progress table with a similar table by E.N. Falaleev and V.S. Polyakov, the method of comparing the standard deviation percentage proposed by V.V. Zagreev is used.

The conducted research confirms the need to develop regression models of the main taxation indicators and build growth progress tables based on them, reflecting the growth characteristics of plantings in a particular region.

The taxation indicators of clones of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten) plus trees were studied in the clone archive No. 3 on the territory of the Semenovsky district forestry of the Nizhny Novgorod region. It was created in 1984 by grafted seedlings at the age of 2 years. The source of the graft was plus trees growing in natural plantings of the same region in the types of forest growing conditions B2 and B3. Their age at the time of selection ranged from 60 years to 140 years, and the taxation indicators were: height – from 24 m to 70 m; diameter – from 24 cm to 35 cm. The seating arrangement was 3×3 m, the clone mixing scheme was ordinary with the initial repeatability of each orthet by 3...12 ramets. The initial area was 0.4 hectares, the type of forest conditions on it corresponded to category B2. The terrain of the site is flat with gray forest soils. It has geographical coordinates N56°44'18.97" E44°20'49.29", is assigned to the area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of the Russian Federation and is included in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests. The forest growing conditions of the region are quite favorable for the growth and seed-bearing of Norway spruce. The collection of primary forestry information was carried out by a stationary field method with a continuous enumeration of trees over the entire area of the clone archive in compliance with the principle of the only logical difference, typicality, suitability, reliability and expediency of the experiment. The heterogeneity of the vegetative offspring of the plus trees of the Norway spruce was noted in terms of taxation indicators, which manifested itself both at the level of differences between groups of the same name clones, and within each of them. The plus trees of the Norway spruce, represented by their vegetative offspring as part of the examined clone archive, differed significantly among themselves in terms of the main taxation indicators. In terms of trunk height, the highest average (19.83±1.14 m), in the frame of the K-102 orthet, exceeded the lowest similar indicator (10.50±1.85 m) in clones with the K-100 index, by 1.88 times or by 9.33 m. The average generalized for the entire data set reached 14.71±0.34 m with the ratio between absolute limits (max = 23 m; min = 3.50 m) both 6.57 and an absolute range equal to 19.50 m. The variability of the trait, at the same time, corresponded to an increased level on the Mamaev scale (Cv = 28.41 %).

Increasing the efficiency of detection and elimination of forest fires is an important task facing the employees of the forestry authorities, the emergency response forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. This task is especially relevant for the regions of Russia with significant forest areas, where intensive forest management, harvesting and processing of forest products is carried out. The imperfection of means for detecting and operatively managing the elimination of forest fires leads to catastrophic consequences, damage measured in billions of rubles, and human casualties in cases of forest fires crossing the territory of settlements. The study presents the results of experimental testing of an autonomous mobile forest fire extinguishing control system. The complex is designed to provide communication and coordination of resources necessary for the detection and elimination of a forest fire. The analysis of the factors that have a significant impact on the provision of sustainable communication and management of the detection and elimination of forest fires has been carried out. The information on the technical applicability of broadband radio access technologies and technologies of satellite remote monitoring of the Earth's surface in the interests of forestry authorities and forest fire centers is summarized. The high efficiency of providing communication using technologies of broadband operational radio access has been experimentally confirmed in areas where there is no coverage by cellular networks. Proposed solutions, together with technologies of remote sensing and satellite monitoring of the Earth's surface. will significantly reduce the damage caused by forest fires, which in Russia annually amounts to more than 11 billion rubles. The results obtained can be used in the organization of forest fire monitoring services, the work of services and organizations involved in the elimination of forest fires.

The urban ecological system is the object of constant comprehensive study.

The purpose of this work is to survey the common types of dendroflora of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration in roadside, intra–block, group, alley single-breed and multi-breed plantings using the complex of acoustic tomography equipment “Arbotom”.

The paper presents the data of two-dimensional sound tomograms of trunks of balsamic poplar, pedunculate oak, rough elm, holly maple, berry apple, Siberian larch, common ash.

According to the conducted research, these breeds can be recommended for use for the formation of enclosed spaces in northern cities.

The technique of pulse tomography diagnostics of the condition of tree species should be used in conjunction with other studies of plant pathologies and will help in making decisions on timely removal or conservative treatment and strengthening of trees.

The relationship between biodiversity and the productivity of plant communities is one of the main directions in environmental research. There are numerous confirmations of a positive relationship between productivity and biodiversity, especially evident in the interaction of two complementary species in local conditions, when their mixing causes productivity greater in relation to the productivity of pure stands in the same habitats. When the relationship between productivity and biodiversity is investigated at the regional and global levels with the interaction of tens and hundreds of species, this positive relationship becomes apparent only on huge empirical material. Since it is known that coniferous and deciduous species are adapted to specific forest growing conditions and can occupy different ecological niches, our study attempts to compare the biomass of Pinus koraiensis S. ex Z. and Quercus mongolica F. ex L. natural forests of Primorye in the context of biodiversity. The forests of Primorye are characterized by a complex species composition, when only in the main canopy there can be up to 15 or more species, which complicates the determination of their biological productivity. The object of the study was Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica natural stands, growing respectively on 12 and 14 sample plots in the age range from 35 to 200 years. It is concluded that there is no significant contribution of the share of the main species to explain the variability of the biomass of the assimilation apparatus of these species, as well as the absence of the influence of the species abundance (the number of species in the canopy composition) on the ratio of aboveground biomass of two species, which can be explained by insufficient volume of empirical material. A comparison of the biomass of two species in age dynamics showed that in Quercus mongolica forests, in relation to Pinus koraiensis forests, the biomass of stems is by 17, of branches is by 53, aboveground is by 20% more, and the mass of the assimilation apparatus, on the contrary, is by 33% less. Thus, Quercus mongolica stands with a smaller mass of assimilating organs have a larger mass of stems and branches. Apparently, this is due to the higher efficiency of the assimilation apparatus of Quercus mongolica. The results obtained can be useful in assessing the carbon-depositing capacity of coniferous-deciduous forests of Primorye.

The results of long years of studies in lichen-green moss pine forests growing on sandy podzols passed by experimental grass-roots fires are presented. Changes in hydrothermal parameters of podzols caused by pyrogenic and post-pyrogenic transformation of various components of forest biogeocenoses were revealed. Along with the general nature of these changes, some differences in the degree of their manifestation in different areas due to different intensity of fires were revealed.
It is concluded that as a result of pyrogenic effects, the existing material and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the soil is disrupted, which is the main process of formation and development of the latter. Consequently, forest fires are a powerful and active factor of modern soil formation.

In a changing climate, the relevance of assessing the full carbon budget of forest ecosystems and the carbon pool of all their components, including dead branches of growing trees, has increased. In the published data on the biomass of trees, the proportion of dead branches in the aboveground biomass varies from 1 to 22 %, but attempts to identify factors explaining such a wide range of it are quite rare. In this study, the first attempt was made to develop allometric models designed to estimate the mass of dead branches (MDB) of growing pine trees by the measured crown diameter and height of trees of natural stands and plantations in the conditions of the steppe zone. The basis of the study was 357 model trees obtained on 40 sample plots. The allometric model of the MDB, which includes such independent variables as crown diameter, tree height and the origin of the stand, explains 84 % of the variability of the MDB at the level of p < 0.001. The value of the MDB in large trees can reach 15–20 kg, while in plantations this value is twice as high as in natural stands. In percentage terms, the value of MDB in relation to aboveground biomass increases with increasing tree size in natural stands from 2 to 6 % and in plantations from 3.5 to 11 %, and on average for natural stands and plantations is 5–6 %. The contributions of crown diameter, tree height and the origin of the stand to explain the variability of the MDB were 19, 62 and 19 %, respectively. When aboveground biomass was included in the MDB model as an additional independent variable, the contributions of crown diameter, tree height, aboveground biomass and the origin of the stand to explain the variability of the MDB were 18, 33, 17 and 32 %, respectively. The proposed allometric models can be used in estimating the MDB of Scots pine based on аirborne or terrestrial laser sensing. When calculating carbon pools in Scots pine forests of the steppe zone, it is necessary to make an amendment to the pool estimate in the form of a 5–6 % increase by the value of the MDB.

To solve various economic problems it is very important to know how taxation indicators change with increasing age in stands and different growing conditions, as well as quantitative and qualitative features in general. The research involved the processing of forest inventory materials. As the initial data we used taxation indicators for 1982 and 2002.
The research program included: study of dynamics of the forest inventory materials in 1982 and 2002; study of average indicators (age, bonitet, completeness, etc.); definition of dynamics of taxation indicators for the twenty-year period.
When estimating the distribution of the forest fund by land categories, both in 1982 and in 2002, the area of land covered by forest vegetation prevailed. Concerning the average stock and gain per 1 ha, the highest indicators were characteristic of the pine stand, with the average stock per 1 ha of pine stands growing by 28 m3 * ha–1 and the average gain per 1 ha over the same period by 0.1 m3 * ha–1.
Regarding the dynamics of the taxation indicators of pine stands: the carbon stock for the predominant part of allotments changed from 51.66 tC/ha to 91.30 tC/ha.
When evaluating the data in statics, the lines of average and current growth did not overlap, indicating the heterogeneity of the source material, since both normal and modal stands were used to evaluate the dynamics. However, the data in dynamics made it possible to determine that the age of quantitative ripeness of pine forests of Karaulnoe section forestry is 70 years.

The regulatory tax base for the assessment of cutting areas includes volumetric, assortment and commodity tables. The formation of a set of these standards for stands in Siberia has a relatively short history – a little more than half a century. The paper considers separate periods of the state of the regulatory framework of taxation and the material and monetary assessment of logging areas at various stages of its formation. The analysis of the improvement of standards with changes in State standards is made. It has been established that at present the material and monetary assessment of cutting areas is carried out according to tables constructed taking into account the requirements of actually outdated standards for round timber (GOST 9462–88 and GOST 9463–88). Currently, the interstate standards GOST 9463–2016 Round softwood timber are in force. Technical specifications and GOST 9463–2016 Round hardwood timber. Technical conditions. GOST 9463–2016 are valid on the territory of Armenia, Belarus, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. GOST 9462–2016 on the territory of Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. These standards are the basic ones for the construction of tax assessment tables for cutting areas, but the standards for them have not yet been developed.

Softwood lumber is widely used for various wood products manufacturing. Recently, the quality of coniferous round logs has been reducing due to the presence of heart butt rot, which has to be removed during the logs processing. Removal of butt rot occurs already at the harvesting stage of round logs. At the same time not decayed sapwood parts is removed with the degraded wood. Therefore a large amount of sound wood can remain in the forest.

To obtain the maximum yield of sawn timber an optimization model of individual log with heart rot cutting was presented. Optimization model is based on allometric correlations between the diameter (radius) and length of the decayed wood zone and round log. For cross cutting of round logs with heart rot a special technological process can be applied to obtain a combined logs. The combined logs consists of both a sound wood part and a part with decayed wood. The length of the combined log depends on the method of its further processing into sawn timber. The article shows the sequence of finding the length of the combined logs and the volumetric yield of sawn timber.

A simulation model has been presented for evaluation the yield of sawn timber from decayed round logs. The factors that significantly influenced on the yield were the length and diameter of round logs. Experimental tests of round logs sawing with heart butt rot was carried out to determine the actual yield of sawn timber. A slight difference between the theoretical and experimental data on the volumetric yield of sawn timber has been established. This makes it possible to propose the presented method for decayed logs cutting for subsequent industrial application.

Wood, due to the peculiarities of its anatomical structure, has the ability to moisten, which allows it to easily absorb moisture from the environment upon contact. However, this leads to a decrease in its performance and biodegradation. One of the ways to reduce water absorption and moisture absorption of wood is its treatment with hydrophobizing compositions. This is especially in demand for historical and cultural monuments made of wood. For this purpose, it is recommended to perform surface capillary impregnation with compositions based on organosilicon compounds.
The paper presents studies of the properties of natural sawn and partially degraded wood treated with organicsoluble hydrophobizing organosilicon compositions, and water-based compositions. The pH of these compositions was determined. According to the multiplicity of application of the compositions, which made it possible to achieve the required consumption, the rate of penetration of hydrophobizing compositions into the wood was studied. The penetration depth of the compositions was also established with the selected capillary impregnation method. To assess the service life of the formed hydrophobic coating, the wood was subjected to cycles of climatic tests.
After the tests, studies were carried out on the absorbing capacity of the treated wood. It was evaluated by changing the values of water absorption and moisture absorption of hydrophobized wood in comparison with untreated wood. It was found that a greater decrease in water absorption is observed in partially degraded wood. The results of tests to determine the moisture absorption of wood allow us to conclude that the vapor permeability of the formed hydrophobic coatings.
In conclusion, based on the results of the research, it was concluded that it is expedient to use hydrophobic organosilicon compositions to protect buildings and structures already in operation, in particular for monuments of wooden architecture.

The article presents studies of the chemical composition of cones and seed kernels of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica L.), and the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ldb.), which are the main forestforming coniferous species of Siberia.

The component composition of cones and seeds of the main forest-forming species of the region was studied for the first time. The total content of polysaccharides in the cones ranges from 61 to 75 %; the maximum amount of polysaccharides was found in the cones of the Scotch pine, and the minimum amount – in the cones of the Siberian larch. The content of mineral constituents in the cones of all species studied does not exceed 1.5 %. The maximum content of waxy substances is observed in the cones of the Siberian pine (1.5 %), the minimum content – in the cones of the Scots pine (0.2 %). The main component of the seeds is the lignin-carbohydrate complex. The highest content of mineral constituents was noted in the seeds of the Siberian spruce – it makes 2.30 %. The content of waxy substances in the seeds of all species studied varies insignificantly and amounts to approximately 1 %.

The component composition of essential oils made from the cones of coniferous species is given. The main components of the essential oils made from cones are α-Pinene, β-Pinene, limonene, Δ2-Carene, Linalyl Propionate, Bornyl acetate.

The content of polyphenolic compounds in the cones of the Siberian coniferous species was determined. The maximum amount of polyphenolic compounds and tannins (8.27 % and 5.5 % respectively) was found in the cones of the Scotch pine, the maximum amount of phenolcarboxylic acids – in the cones of the Siberian pine (2.5 %), the maximum amount of flavonoids – in the cones of the Siberian larch (1.34 %).