The article reflects the 100-year history of the Forestry Faculty. The data on the activities of outstanding employees, lecturers of the Forestry Faculty are given.

The ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Industry 4.0 being created at the same time involve the massive introduction of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in the production and service of human needs, including life, work, security and leisure. Among the areas for which cyber-physical systems are being created, not the last place is occupied by human interaction with the environment, which should move to a new level, ensuring the harmonization of human needs and the preservation of the natural environment. At the same time, the creation of cyber-physical systems for a wide class of natural processes, called dynamic processes on the Earth's surface, is of particular interest. Examples of such processes are wild fires, floods, oil spills on the surface of the Earth and water, and a number of others. These processes have a different physical nature (geological, biological, meteorological, hydrological, anthropogenic), but, in the general case, such a process can be called any phenomenon of a natural or anthropogenic nature, which can be represented as a moving area, contour or traveling wave propagating over the surface of the earth. These processes are united by a number of features, due to which their dynamics and control can be described using a single mathematical apparatus, which makes it possible to create digital models of these objects, which are an indispensable part of all cyber-physical systems. In this paper, another type of dynamic processes on the Earth's surface is considered – the processes of vegetation digression, that is, changes in natural plant complexes under the influence of their intensive use by humans. The requirements for digital models of the digression process and the problems arising from this are formulated. A mathematical model of pasture digression, which is characteristic of both reindeer herding and cattle breeding in the southern desert regions, has been proposed and studied. A method for constructing a digital model of this process is described. A GIS-based system has been implemented for digital modeling of pasture digression processes, which can serve as the basis for the corresponding cyber-physical system.

Existence and condition of natural wood plants' renewal are important indicate of afforest status. Conditions of staddle being during its all life is not often permanent. For planning forestry events it's important to study life condition of natural renewal, growth and development of economically and valued species' staddle. Evaluation of renewable processes was carried out on the territory of Totma area in Vologda region. The objects of study were six sites of flourishing coniferous stockings in different forest condition. According to the results, we can make a conclusion that provision for growth and development of spruce staddle in flourishing pine stockings in different forest conditions are unpleasant. The pine staddle is absent at all. There is enough amount of coniferous staddle under spruce canopy for formation spruce-deciduous or spruce stocking after logging works. As recommendation for saving aboriginal forest and reducing expenses on the reforestation works in pine forest crop after logging works, we offer to hold alternating gradual fell with intensity of 30 %, with simultaneous deletion in spruce staddle lanes and implementation of measures in assistance for natural renewal as soil mineralization in processes of main executed logging works. We think that implementing fell is necessary to time to seed year.

Picea × albertiana ‘Conica’ is a cultivar of Alberta spruce, one of the most popular among dwarf evergreen conifers using in gardening, landscape architecture, and as Christmas trees. This cultivar was selected on the basis of mutational witch’s-brooms. The latter are shoots that appear on woody plants due to somatic mutations in buds and have anatomy and morphology differ from parent species. Sometimes a rather rare occurrence is observed on this cultivar–reversion to wild type which returns parent species phenotype partially or completely. These reversions are of particular interest because Picea × albertiana S.Br.–the parent species for cultivar ‘Conica’–has a hybrid origin. It appeared as a result of natural hybridization of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Needles anatomy from three North American species of spruce (P. × albertiana, P. glauca and P. engelmannii), cultivar P. × albertiana ‘Conica’, and revertant shoots found on it were studied. The result of research was conclusion that revertant shoots phenotype have partial match to parents species’ phenotype and to cultivars phenotype. Conclusion was made consequently was either the revertant shoots appeared as a result of suppressor mutation in buds or that there were made some taxonomic mistakes in parent species and cultivar identification.

The northern territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are currently attracting special attention from the public, government, and business circles not only in Russia, but also in many countries. The development of coniferous boreal forests and the development of water transport of forests in the Yenisei basin has led to the fact that in the coastal strip and the water area of the Yenisei Bay have accumulated various waste products from industrial activities that have an impact on the environment.

The interest of foreign companies in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) is determined by a number of important factors. First of all, it is more economically advantageous by sea: for example, from Hamburg to Yokohama, only 6,600 nautical miles, and when transporting through the Suez Canal – 11,400 miles; comparable are the transport costs for the transportation of timber cargo from Siberia to Asian countries – China, Korea. At the same time, the NSR is interesting as a transport artery in the development of natural resources and the transportation of raw materials from the Arctic regions of Russia, the development of the infrastructure of the Northern Territories. The main waterway connecting the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and having access to the NSR is the river Yenisei and its tributaries. For many years the Yenisei was the only waterway for the delivery of softwood timber to the Igarsk timber export plant. When timber is transported by water from raids located on the banks of the Angara and Yenisei, loss of timber is inevitable. The main reason for the entry of timber into the Yenisei Bay is natural disasters, raft accidents, violations of timber rafting technologies. According to our preliminary estimates, at present the reserves of sunken and scattered wood in the mouth part and the Yenisei Bay are more than 2,0 million m3. Sunken and scattered wood in the Yenisei Bay, even at low temperatures, has an impact on vulnerable northern ecosystems, and also can be used by various consumers in the Yenisei Bay area.

In April 2019, St. Petersburg hosted the 5th international forum «The Arctic – the Territory of Dialogue», at which the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin said: «The main threat to the Arctic today is ecological, the nature of the Arctic is under threat due to the possible economic development of the region» [1].

Thus, the problem of clearing the Yenisei Bay from sunken and scattered wood is becoming more and more urgent.

The purpose of this work is to determine the influence of pollutants from the megalopolis (Krasnoyarsk) on the natural ionization of air in the suburban forest zone. Objectives: to conduct research on the physical and chemical properties of forest air – the presence of negative and positive ions; compare the data of the studies carried out for the period 1998–2021; analyze the dynamics of air pollutants in the megalopolis for the period 2015–2019; to obtain mathematical dependences of the influence of the pollutants of the megalopolis on the ionization of the air in the suburban forest zones. The objects of research are: natural ionization of air in the suburban forest zone – the number of negative and positive ions; air pollutants of the megalopolis. The measurement of ionization was carried out with a small-size air ion counter MAC-01 for 13 years in the warm season. The analysis of the amount of pollutants was carried out according to the State Report on the State and Protection of the Environment for the period 2015–2019. The article provides data on the pollutants most affecting the decrease in the amount of negative ions of forest air, its healing properties. Mathematical dependences of the influence of pollutants on the number of negative ions of the air environment and the coefficient of unipolarity of suburban zones are obtained, significant factors are determined, according to which a mathematical model is obtained that allows predicting the influence of pollutants of the megalopolis air environment on the number of negative ions in the suburban zone. It was found that an increase in significant pollutants (carbon monoxide, benzapyrene, sulfur dioxide) per unit leads to a decrease in the number of negative ions by an average of 900 e/cm3. The effect of negative and positive ions on the dust content in the air was determined in laboratory conditions. The obtained research results will make it possible to predict and develop measures to create zones in the metropolis that are close to environmentally friendly regions in terms of the state of the air environment, and to develop technical devices for indoor air purification.

The aim of the research is to study the mechanisms of resistance of forest-steppe populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to the impact of anthropogenic load and hydrothermal stress on a scale of “optimal years – weak – severe drought”. The objects of the study are forest cultures of pine near the reserve (Voronezh region, Ramon district, control object) and a forest belt along the highway М4 Don (Voronezh city, experimental object). As a result of the work, a comparative assessment of the vital state of experimental and control populations with different levels of anthropogenic pollution was carried out in different climatic conditions in years and the limits of variability of two traits of seed productivity (proportion of plump seeds and number of seeds per cone) under ex situ conditions were established. Significant differences between the objects in response to drought were found. It was shown that the control population of pine reacts to drought in proportion to the strength of weather stress. The level of proportion of plump seeds and the variation coefficient were 80.8±1.34 % (CV = 9.2 %) in the optimal year 2020, 73.7±1.81 % (CV = 13.8 %) in the weak drought of 2014, 32.1±3.4 % (CV = 67.7 %) in the severe drought of 2007. The response of the anthropogenic population to the drought is different. In optimal years, the technogenic population was characterized by increased variability of traits (CV = 45.8 %), seed productivity values lower than the control by 15–30 %. The range of individual norm reaction in terms of one tree is 1.7 times higher. There was no differentiation of trees into sensitive, modal and resistant group of genotypes. The generative sphere of pine did not respond to a weak drought. In severe drought, there was an asymmetric control algorithm of trait variability and low intensity of stress response. The results indicate that the control population represents a stable equilibrium system, while the experimental object represents weakly non equilibrium system. The mechanisms of pine survival in drought in ecologically favorable and technogenic polluted territory of Voronezh region are discussed.

In conditions of a significant increase in the volume of growing planting material with a closed root system, the search for a resource-saving composition of the substrate becomes more and more urgent. Since the riding peat currently used is available for harvesting extremely on a limited territory of Russia. We considered the following experimental compositions of the substrate: a mixture of 10 % clay, 40 % sawdust and 50 % peat (T + G + O); hydrodynamically activated coniferous wood (enriched wood) (Od). Two types of pre-sowing treatment of Siberian larch seeds with a three-year shelf life were also used in the experiment: soaking in water and in a 0.2 % solution of succinic acid. Observations have shown that succinic acid solution has a positive effect on soil germination and germination energy when seeding into peat. Observation of the growth of seedlings showed that the use of hydrodynamically activated coniferous wood, combined with the treatment of seeds with succinic acid, had a stimulating effect. The height of seedlings in this experimental version exceeded the control (sowing seeds soaked in water in pure peat) by 7.0 %, and the other substrate by 12.8 %.

The article discusses the experience of using herbicides to combat weed vegetation when growing conifers in open ground nurseries. The preparations included in the "Catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in the territory of the Russian Federation", used by various researchers in the cultivation of seedlings of coniferous plants (Roundup, Tornado, Anchor-85, Goal-2E, Gezagard, Zellek-super, Superstar, Fusilad-super) are discussed. The names of herbicides, application standards, and features of their use are given, taking into account the period of application in the agrotechnics of growing coniferous seedlings. A scheme for the use of herbicides has been formed depending on the stage of development of seedlings with the possibility of alternating preparations to avoid resistance of weed organisms. The article shows the consequences of the use of herbicides and the ways to overcome their negative impact on seedlings. To reduce the pesticide press and enhance the action of herbicides, it is recommended to use mineral fertilizers, humates, growth stimulators, for example Epin, Zircon. The review article is a brief instruction for employees of open-ground nurseries in solving the problem of impurity of pine and spruce seeds.

This work determined kinetic parameters and predicted terms of destruction of lignin-carbohydrate materials based on wood raw materials in relation to the soil. The prediction was performed using an extrapolation method based on the rate of change in the properties of the material (bending strength) at elevated temperature (50 °C). As a result of the work performed by the method of flat hot pressing in closed molds, plastic without resins (PWR) based on pine sawdust was obtained, their physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. The obtained samples of PWR were tested for biodegradability under normal (20 °C) and extreme (at elevated temperature) conditions. The biodegradability was assessed by the loss of mass of the studied samples during exposure in the ground. There is a general decrease in the mass s of samples according to the results of holding samples in the ground at a temperature of 20 °C for 30 days.

The total weight reduction for 30 days was 15.4 %. Dependences of changes in physical and mechanical properties (bending strength) were established PWR under normal and extreme conditions of biodegradation tests. The activation energy of the biodestruction process of this material was determined using experimental data. Based on the activation energy, it was revealed that the destruction of PWR occurs due to hydrolysis and decomposition of existing bonds of wood raw materials, mainly lignin-carbohydrate complex. Based on the data obtained, the possible terms of biodegradability of PWR based on wood raw materials were predicted. The predicted terms of biodegradability in real conditions for the warm period of the year at a conditionally average annual temperature in Russia is up to 1.2 years without taking into account external natural factors.

The current situation in the field of sustainable forest management in Russia is characterized by the problem of restoration, conservation and protection of forests. Despite the significant amount of work to preserve the undergrowth in the process of felling the main use, carrying out activities to promote reforestation, there is a steady trend of lagging behind the rate of restoration of forest plantations against the background of a significant increase in the areas of felling and burnt areas. Modern technologies of forest crops can become an effective driver of growth in the productivity of Russian forests. The implementation of such technologies requires prompt and high-quality soil preparation in the interests of subsequent reforestation. The study is aimed at solving the problem of reforestation in the conditions of clearings. The analysis of the design of disc rippers designed for soil preparation in the process of reforestation was carried out. The factors that have a significant impact on the efficiency of the plow-rippers with a disk working body are analyzed. In the course of the work, regularities were determined that affect the kinematic relationships during the processing of forest soils with disc rippers. The fundamental nature of the formation movement on the surface of the working body of the disk ripper was established. Based on the analysis of the process of furrow formation during soil cultivation with a disk cultivator, recommendations are given on the choice of linear and angular parameters of the working body. Based on the analysis, the requirements for disc cultivator plows are formulated, which will be able to effectively carry out basic soil preparation in clearing conditions, in a variety of soil and climatic conditions in Russia. Research materials, recommended linear and angular parameters of the working bodies can be used in the design and improvement of forest rippers with disk working bodies.

The present paper contains researches on the development of an adhesive based on sodium silicate for the production of wood-fiber thermal insulation boards. It presents the results of experimental researches aimed at the improvement of water-resisting properties of sodium silicate in order to ensure required physical and mechanical characteristics of thermal insulation boards based on it when being used in adverse temperature and humidity conditions.

For this purpose, a modifier – sodium fluosilicate capable of forming strong insoluble compounds when interacting with silicate – has been used. It has been found that introduction of sodium fluosilicate makes it possible to significantly increase the share of insoluble residue six-fold, thus, creating opportunities for the production of boards with high performance properties. For the purpose of study of interaction between the developed adhesive composition and wood fiber, samples of thermal insulation board have been produced and a factorial experiment has been realized to obtain the dependencies of physical and mechanical parameters. The output values are: compressive strength for 10 % linear deformation and water absorption. It has been found that the optimum quantity of sodium fluosilicate in the adhesive composition amounts to 7.5 %. It provides for the highest compressive strength for 10 % linear deformation and decreases water absorption of the boards by 30 %.

The results obtained prove the possibility of wood fiber gluing using adhesive compositions based on sodium silicate. In order to achieve required characteristics, the adhesive shall be modified.

A review of the scientific literature is presented, which discusses the main devices for grinding a mass of high consistency from coniferous and hardwood. Their positive and negative characteristics are described. The analysis of the properties of the mass of high consistency of coniferous and hardwood species during refinig is carried out. The contradictions of different scientists in assessing the properties of refining a mass of high consistency from coniferous and hardwood are indicated. Positive and negative properties are determined when refinig a mass of high consistency.

The article presents the defining idea of modeling the technological process of production lines with sequentially installed machines. In the timber industry, the formalization of technologies in such a formulation of the question is relevant, since models for sequential lines from more than two machines are poorly formalized. At the same time, the technological process is described by the methods of queuing theory with a wide involvement of probabilistic characteristics of the object of labor and equipment. The proposed concept of constructing models of discrete continuous production lines, using the method of matrix transformations of coordinates (MTC) allows to systematize the description of the technological process with the possibility of accounting various stochastic disturbances at any stage of modeling.

Statistical characteristics of the process can be obtained with a sufficiently large number of implementation of modeling the processing cycle of the object of labor. The number of sequentially installed equipment is not limited. In order to create a process model, the line technology from the sequentially installed equipment is represented in the form of a structural formula using the MTC method. The method of “floating” coordinates is accepted as the basic method of specifying coordinate systems, which differs from the Denavit – Hartenberg method in the absence of an absolute coordinate system and allows to describe a discrete-continuous technological process. Setting of “floating” coordinate systems is a fundamental condition for presenting a process model in 4D format. Alongside this, the idealization of the technological process model in the form of cyclograms and the determination of the speeds of movement of the object of labor on each of the units is proposed. Idealization is necessary for creating new technologies in which it is impossible to apply the basic parameters (movement speeds, movement paths) both as the object of labor and implementing equipment by analogy. To increase the informativeness of the graphoanalytic model of the technological process, a model based on diagonal single orthogonal matrices 5x5 is created. This was achieved by introducing an additional independent parameter t (time). Description of the structure of the technological process by 5×5 matrices allows to simulate the technological process graphically, taking into account any disturbances of both internal and external nature with correction in the form of stochastic disturbances without interrupting the modeling process.

The development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation is hindered by several groups of problems, including a low degree of use of forest raw materials and a low level of technical support for the forest industry. In this regard, we consider it necessary to improve and automate equipment and technologies for primary wood processing. There is a need to develop automated production lines in conjunction with automation and crosscutting optimization systems. This approach will allow combining high productivity due to the speed of automation and high quality of cut assortments due to the shape and defects of the whip, as well as to fully keep track of the volumes of incoming and outgoing timber. The purpose of this work is to create a software implementation of the algorithm based on the developed technique for maximizing the cylindrical volume during crosscutting by identifying the optimal cutting pattern for the whip by the method of successive approximations to the optimal solution. This article presents the main aspects of the design and software solutions for the implementation of the algorithm in the form of an information system designed to automate the process of bucking and accounting for timber volumes. The prototype was developed in the IntelliJ IDEA integrated software development environment in the Java programming language.

The article deals with some issues of designing a machine designed to work in mountainous conditions. It is known that for the normal operation of the internal combustion engine, its horizontal position is necessary, and for the psychologically confident operation of the machine operator, its body must be in a vertical position. The fulfillment of these conditions is ensured in the machine according to the Russian patent No. 2059502. In this machine, a motor transmission unit of a wheeled vehicle is installed on a caterpillar chassis, which includes an engine, a power transmission and a driver's cab. The motor-transmission unit is connected to the caterpillar bogie by bearing assemblies mounted on the output shafts of the motor-transmission unit, and by a hydraulic cylinder, which ensures the rotation of the motor-transmission unit relative to the caterpillar bogie for the horizontal position of the internal combustion engine and the vertical position of the operator. When designing such a machine, the question arises about the coordinates of these points and the parameters of the hydraulic cylinder. To solve this issue, the article presents a projection diagram of the bearing assembly of the motor-transmission unit and the points of attachment of the hydraulic cylinder to the motor-transmission unit and to the frame of the caterpillar bogie on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the machine. The analysis of the presented scheme made it possible to obtain an equation that determines the coordinates of the hydraulic cylinder attachment points relative to the bearing assembly and the length of the hydraulic cylinder, depending on the specified values of the tilt angles of the motor-transmission unit. The force of the hydraulic cylinder is determined to create a torque relative to the bearing assembly, which should not be less than the total torque, including the torque from the weight of the motor-transmission unit and the reactive torque on the motor-transmission unit, determined by the torque on the output shafts of the motor transmission unit block when the internal combustion engine is running.