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Conifers of the boreal area

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Vol 41, No 2 (2023)
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BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, FORESTRY

109-112 6
Abstract

Currently, the country is taking obligations to comply with environmental standards during the transitional period of the formation of market relations in Russia. The article deals with the issues of the ecological imperative on the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The environmental situation in the region is characterized by the degree of negative impacts – mechanical, chemical and physical pollution. Features of the ecological situation in the region are determined by local natural conditions and the impact of industry, transport, utilities and agriculture on them. The “categorical index” of the environmental imperative is differentiated both for individual territories and for industries. It is determined by the geopolitical and natural-economic position of the region, the ecological capacity of the industry, as well as the method, type and recipient of the pollution or impact industry. It should be the most stringent in industries, in manufactures where the recipient of the impact is a person, and not so much in the production process but as in the life process. Compliance with the categorical imperative is possible only with the full restoration of the production potential of industries at a new organizational, technological and technical levels, as well as with the provision of environmental requirements of adjacent territories. The region has natural zones ranging from arctic deserts to forest-steppes and steppes with defined latitudinal and altitudinal zonality, each of which has its own characteristics of ecological development. At the same time, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is included in the list of territories with extremely dangerous soil pollution by technogenic metals, especially nickel and copper. Heavy metals are involved in biological processes, being part of many enzymes, and have a toxic effect on the human body.

113-117 5
Abstract

The study of nature management issues has been and remains one of the main tasks of modern geography. In the Yenisei Siberia, stretching from north to south for 30°, various landscapes are formed from tundra, forest-tundra to forest-steppes, steppes and mountain forests. The article characterizes the factors of formation and functioning of nature management in Siberia. The issues of interaction between nature and society, the impact on it of human activity, which is associated with the exploitation of the natural resource potential of the territory of the region, its protection and the reproduction of natural resources are considered. Nature management is studied in a broad and narrow sense, it points the factors of economic development during the transition to the market economy, analyzes demographic issues, population structure, historical and environmental factors, as well as industrial and agricultural production. The authors consider regional nature management, that is, a specific process of interaction between the economy and the population of a given region with the natural factors of the habitat. Regional nature management as a system is formed and functions under the influence of internal and external factors. The external ones include the geopolitical position of the region under study, the presence of external borders, historical and economic ties with certain states, and territories that do not have common borders with the region, as well as the place of the region in the intrastate division of labor. The internal factors of the formation and functioning of the regional system include natural, socio-economic, historical, national and ethnic factors that differentiate individual territories of the region. The above analysis of nature management made it possible to identify the features of the fact that the basis for the development of the modern economy is the processes of interaction between nature and society, which are carried out in the process of regional nature management and are characterized by the following features: natural-historical unity and/or integrity; individuality; implication of influence.

118-132 8
Abstract

The species specificity of representatives of the genus Yew (Taxus L.) was studied by the regenerative ability of cuttings and reactions to the use of various substrates and biologically active preparations during introduction to the Nizhny Novgorod region. The relevance of the work is due to the need to expand the list of types of woody and shrubby plants used in urban plantings of various functions. The object of the study is typical specimens of the Canadian yew (Taxus canadensis Marshall) and European yew (Taxus baccata L.), as well as decorative forms: golden-tipped (Taxus baccata, f. Capitata Aurea) and elegant (Taxus baccata, f. Elegantissima). All studing plants are located on the site with coordinates 56°15'19.9"N 44°00'24.2"E and 173 m above sea level. The subject of the study was the processes of callusogenesis and rhizogenesis, as well as the rates of post-regenerative development of the aboveground part. Cuttings were placed according to uniform schemes in vegetation structures identical in design and size with an automated irrigation system, in which the same conditions were maintained for all variants and repetitions of the experiment. The substrate is represented by coarse-grained river sand or agro-perlite M-150. Bio-stimulants were aqueous solutions of heteroauxin and kornevin. The specificity of species and decorative forms of yew has been established in terms of the intensity of callus formation and roots induction, linear parameters of root systems and the aboveground part of stem cuttings. Callus formation in sand with the use of heteroauxin as a stimulant was most active in Canadian yew (84.20±2.93 %). Regeneration was more difficult in the elegant form of European yew (18.33±1.51 %). The advantages of the Canadian yew were revealed by the number of subordinate roots (12.66±0.61 pcs.). The golden-tipped form of European yew had the smallest total number of them (2.96±0.25 pcs.). The ANOVA confirmed the significance of interspecific differences in all indicators of the regenerative ability of cuttings and the post-regenerative development of their root systems and the aboveground part.

133-138 8
Abstract

The study of the structural peculiarities of young stands formed on the forest plantations of pine was carried out 8-10 years after their creation. Accounting and evaluation of the structure of young stands were carried out by a selective statistical method. All the characteristics of the formed phytocenoses were determined on circular discount area of 10 m2. For pine forest crops, the number, height, and current growth for 3 years were established. For other species that make up the young plantations, the number and height were determined. In addition, undergrowth and living ground cover were taken into account at each discount area. Species composition, height and abundance were determined for the undergrowth, and species composition, occurrence and projective coverage were determined for the living ground cover. It was found that the survival and preservation of pine crops created by planting material with an open root system were higher compared to crops created from planting material with a closed root system. All the taxation characteristics of young stands in the experimental areas differ. The total number reaches 6 thousand pieces/ha. The differentiation in height is the most clear. The pine forest culture has the maximum height. The average values on the areas vary from 1.77 to 3.54 m. The average height of the birch tree in the forest-cultivated areas is 2.41–3.07 m. In addition to pine and birch, the young stands include spruce, aspen and pine of natural renewal. The total number of these forest-forming species does not exceed 350 pieces/ha. The exception is the undergrowth of pine, the number of which reaches about 1 thousand pieces/ha. Undergrowth is being restored on forest-cultivated areas. Up to 26 species are found in the living ground cover, while 3-4 species predominate: cowberry, heather and lichens. The soils on the areas of forest crops are sandy loam sod-podzolic.

139-144 13
Abstract

The results of studying the peculiarities of the growth of Siberian cedar plantations in the Tashtypsky forestry in the Republic of Khakassia are presented. The purpose of the research was to study the variability of the Siberian cedar in 5-, 10- and 15-year-old plantations, created by planting 3-year-old seedlings. In plants, height, trunk diameter at a height of 10 cm from the soil surface, crown length, growth of the central shoot in height were measured. It was established that 5-year-old plantations had a height of 70.0 cm, 10-year-old ones had 225.5 cm, 15-year-old ones had 379.3 cm. The level of variation in height, annual growth is low, the level of the trunk diameter and the length of the crown is low and medium. In the first four years, the annual growth of the central shoot is 4.9–13.6 cm. In subsequent years (5–8 years), the annual growth increases to 15.5–32.3 cm. At 9–15 years of age, the annual growth of plants is 31.1–37.8 cm. The ratio of height to trunk diameter (an indicator of growth intensity) ranged from 28.00 to 36.97 in cultures of different ages. Trees with an excess in height by 15,0 % and more in comparison with the average value were highlighted. It is advisable to use fast-growing specimens for reproduction and creation of Siberian cedar plantations in these forest-growing conditions.

145-150 8
Abstract

The variability of the indicators of model trees of the 17-year-old Siberian cedar pine in the conditions of the Educational and Experimental Forestry of the Reshetnev University (suburban zone of Krasnoyarsk) is given. The purpose of the research is to establish the features of growth, the formation of side branches, the magnitude of annual shoot growths in height from model trees before and after planting on the plantation. Then the purpose is to study the length and mass of needles, the number of side roots of the first and second orders in second-generation trees on the plantation "Power transmission line – 2". The size and weight of the needles were determined on the central and side shoots. It was established that the greater height, the current growth of the shoot, the length of the needles, the number of lateral roots differed in tree No. 5-6. The formation of lateral branches in the whorls in different years varied from 1 to 6 pieces. Before transplanting seedlings to the plantation in 2014, the growth of the central shoot averaged 33.5 cm. In the next three years after transplantation, the growth decreased to 1.3–10.0 cm. At the age of 17, there was a sharp increase in the current growth of the shoot to 25.5–42.0 cm. The length and mass of the needles on the central shoot exceeded these indicators on the lateral ones. A correlation close relationship was established between the height and number of roots, the mass of needles and its length.

151-156 10
Abstract

The possibilities of growing seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Sukachev larch (Larix sukaczewii Dyl.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) with a closed root system in greenhouses with a controlled microclimate are analyzed. The possibility of growing several rotations of the specified planting material annually was proved experimentally. It is noted that if seedlings of Scots pine and Sukachev larch reach standard sizes during the growing period in greenhouses, then seedlings of Siberian spruce need to be grown.

157-160 14
Abstract

The work provides data on a survey of artificial coniferous plantations of squares in Krasnoyarsk. The work was divided into six stages: from the analysis of the distribution of land categories in the city square to the general and district analysis of species diversity, composition and condition of coniferous plantations of model squares. The studies were carried out in – situ using a scale of status categories of the method of inventory of urban green spaces developed by the Academy of Public Utilities named after K. D. Pamfilov. The results of determining the quantitative composition of plantations, the participation of conifers in various types of garden and park plantations and categories of their condition are presented and analyzed. Conclusions are formulated and recommendations are given. The results of the carried out work are of high importance for scientific and applied, design work in the field of landscaping both in Krasnoyarsk and in other settlements.

161-174 11
Abstract

The results of three-year studies of the dynamics of nutritional characteristics of sandy podzols in lichen-mossy pine forests, passed by experimental low fire of medium and high intensity, are presented.
Soil samples for laboratory studies at the control site were taken in the year of the experiment (2002), and they were selected at the burned sites 1 and 2 for the next three years. In this case, the method of mixed samples was used, the nutritional characteristics of which were determined on the infrared analytical system “Infrapid-61”.
Тhe analysis of the obtained results revealed quite noticeable changes in the considered characteristics of sandy podzols, especially in the second section, where the fire had a high intensity. Thus, the active intake of loss in the first post-fire year caused an increase in the content of organic matter and its main components such as carbon and nitrogen in the forest litter. The weakening of all forms of soil acidity with a simultaneous increase in the amount of exchangeable bases and the degree of saturation with them is noted in the entire studied soil stratum and is associated with the intake of easily soluble alkaline elements from ash. The same reason explains the increased content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium, and ammonium nitrogen is explained by increased activity of microorganisms recovered after the fire. At the same time, the humus content in the mineral layers of the podzols has not changed much after the fires. During the next two years, changes in nutritional characteristics, in general, acquire a reverse trend, and, in some cases, are comparable to those at the control site.
Thus, the nature of the post-fire changes of nutritional characteristics of sandy podzols in lichen-mossy pine forests of the southern southern taiga, in general, is close to that previously established in other soil types forest growth conditions. At the same time, some differences in the degree of manifestation of these dynamics were revealed due to different intensity of fires.

175-184 10
Abstract

The relative height (slenderness) of a tree, as the ratio of its height to diameter at breast height, is one of the most important characteristics of the morphological structure of a tree and a stand. At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was found that it is associated with species, the site quality, age and tree density. Numerous studies have shown that the relative height of a tree increases in direct relation to the degree of its depression in the canopy and is inversely proportional to the relative length of the crown. At the level of a stand, the relative height increases as the density of a stand increases and is described by a convex curve with access to the plateau. In practical application, relative height is used as an indicator of stability under wind and snow loads and as an indicator that affects the mechanical properties of the stem wood, and theoretically plays an important role in the theory of stem shape development. The purpose of our study was to perform a ranking of forest-forming genera (subgenera) of Eurasia by relative height. Based on the materials of 5858 model trees and 5175 stands for 11 tree genera (subgenera) growing on the territory of Eurasia, the influence of taxation indicators on the relative height of trees and stands of forest-forming genera, respectively, was established for the first time and their ranking by relative height was performed with fixed taxation indicators of trees and stands. All regression coefficients of the constructed models are significant at the level of p < 0.001, which ensures reproducibility of the results obtained. It is shown that the sequence of genera in the direction of decreasing the relative height of their trees and stands does not reflect the sequence of decreasing their light-requiring, by Ya. S. Medvedev (1910), in comparison with the available scales of light-requiring of European species.

TECHNOLOGY OF LOGGING AND MECHANICAL OPERATION OF WOOD

185-193 11
Abstract

The article examines the problem of the influence of the physical characteristics of particle boards on the friction of the processing tool and its deterioration. The method of applying the thermal force to the surface of particle boards while processing for furniture production is an innovative method that eliminates the main disadvantages of processing with sanding belts, namely: the formation of non-recyclable production waste, waviness, surface woolliness, high power consumption. The method of applying the thermal force and, in particular, the effect of friction and heating temperature on the processing tool requires more detailed consideration. One of the key physical characteristics of particle boards is roughness, which significantly affects deterioration. The frictional properties of the material of the processing tool and their influence on temperature indicators are examined. The particle board as a polymer is deformed under the action of external load and temperature. Therefore, the article objectively defines the requirements for polymers. The brands of particle boards which can be subjected to thermal power processing and their full review are presented. The article reveals the concept of the particle board roughness, which significantly affects the deterioration and friction force of the processing tool. Moreover, it was concluded that physical and mechanical characteristics of particle boards, the roughness of which should not exceed 500 micrometer, have already been sufficiently studied. The theory of the transformation of work into thermal energy as well as the influence of the temperature of the board on the physicochemical properties of the particle boards is presented. The article also presents a method for calculating the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of the thermo-drawing unit of the processing tool used to achieve optimal values of the particle board roughness, and to reduce material consumption for lamination and significantly improve the quality of particle boards.



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ISSN 1993-0135 (Print)