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Conifers of the boreal area

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Vol 41, No 6 (2023)
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455-458 6
Abstract

Information about the collection of coniferous species in the arboretum of Siberian State University is given. The creation of the arboretum began in 1948 under the guidance of Professor V. E. Schmidt. At present, the collection is represented by species of the Far Eastern (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc., Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel., Larix sibirica Ledeb.), European (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Juniperus communis L.), Siberian (Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Picea obovate Ledeb, Pinus sibirica Du Tour), North American flora (Picea engelmannii Engelm, Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus sabina L.), Japan (Larix leptolepis Gord.). Pinus sibirica, Pinus koraiensis, Picea obovata, Abies sibirica reached the highest altitude (15–23 m). Most of the plants are in good condition. Seeding of varying intensity has been observed in all species. From the seeds collected in the arboretum, planting material (seedlings of their own reproduction) is grown to obtain second-generation offspring.

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, FORESTRY

459-465 7
Abstract

The results of a study of the endogenous variability of growth indicators and the formed above-ground phytomass of a 57-year-old model Korean pine tree (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) of the coastal climate type, grown on the “Meteostantsiya” plantation crop site in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk, are presented. A high level of endogenous variability in height growth and the number of formed lateral shoots in whorls was revealed. A very high level of endogenous variability was noted in the linear dimensions and phytomass of branches, the mass of trunk sections sawn at a distance equal to the length of the trunk increments over the years.

The obtained research results on growth, crown formation and accumulation of above-ground phytomass are of scientific and practical interest when using Korean pine pine in landscape construction and creating plantation cedar crops in order to increase their environmental efficiency.

466-473 10
Abstract

Along with decorative hardwoods, close attention is paid to coniferous species in an urbanized environment. The introduction of coniferous plants into green spaces is necessary to maintain the sanitary-ecological and architecturalartistic functions of landscape objects throughout the year. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that eight species of coniferous plants grow in the urban flora of Arkhangelsk, of which 4 species belong to indigenous and four – to the introducers. The dominant role belongs to the prickly spruce (40 %). A large number of the trees studied had a sparse crown, often of irregular shape, one-sided. In addition, most coniferous plants (especially along roads) suffer from gas contamination, which manifests itself in drying, falling and dechromation of needles. Siberian larch has the best indicators of decorative and vital condition. Mountain pine and western thuja are in demand in decorative compositions, although the latter suffers from sunburn in the spring and requires shelter. It was found that the common pine was the least decorative in urban conditions. This species is oppressed in urban conditions by gas pollution and a large amount of dust in the air, so it is better to plant it away from roads and busy streets. When used inside parks and on the territory of forest parks, it does not lose its aesthetic and microclimatic functions. Therefore, it is worth carefully approaching the selection of the assortment when gardening, relying primarily on environmental conditions. When studying the qualitative indicators of seeds of coniferous species, the highest percentage of goodness was noted in Siberian cedar pine (19.5 %), germination energy – in common pine (70.4 %), absolute germination – in common spruce (100 %).

474-478 5
Abstract

The indicators of three-year seedlings of Korean and Siberian cedar pine, as well as ordinary apricot varieties Academic and Bay in the conditions of the green zone of Krasnoyarsk are compared. It was found that the planting material of cedar pines differs in terms of growth, the formation of the assimilation apparatus, depending on the species. Korean cedar pine had the highest indicators in terms of the number of primary needles and cotyledons, the length of cotyledons and needles on the current shoot of three-year-old seedlings. It was noted that Korean cedar pine at the age of three had a height of 7.8 cm, a barrel diameter of 2.3 mm, Siberian cedar pine 8.8 cm, 2.4 mm, respectively. The excess of the indicators of the local species was 12.8 % in height, 4.3 % in barell diameter.

Three-year-old apricot seedlings of varieties Academic and Bay had an average height of 45.6 and 49.3 cm,  a barrel diameter of 4.8 and 5.0 mm, the number of leaves on the plant 45.9 and 50.2 pcs. The differences in these indicators were not confirmed statistically (tf < t05). The differences in leaf area are significant. The average leaf area in the Bay variety was 39.4 % larger, in the specimen by 27.4 % compared to the Academician variety.

Specimens of Korean cedar pine and common apricot were selected for ecological efficiency for further reproduction of introduced plants and their use in planting in the green zone of Krasnoyarsk.

479-485 5
Abstract

The increase in the biological diversity of northern cities requires in-depth studies on the adaptation of introduced species to unfavorable factors of the winter period. This type of stability depends on many factors, the decisive of which are genetic properties, the correspondence of seasonal development to the climatic characteristics of the region, the degree of preparedness of plants for the winter period and the characteristics of winter. The article presents the results of the assessment of frost resistance and winter hardiness of extrazonal and introduced dendroflora. Their preparedness for winter has been studied according to the degree of lignification of shoots and the accumulation of cryoprotectors. An assessment of their possible use is given. The dendrometric characteristics of the studied species correspond to those that they form in their natural range. All trees, except horse chestnut and Ginnal maple, retain the life form peculiar to the species. The most winter hardiness is distinguished by extrazonal species and shrubs. From the return of cold weather and frosts in the spring period, the petiolate oak and the common ash suffer. In all studied species, except horse chestnut, annual shoots become woody by the beginning of autumn frosts, as a result of which frosts in the prewinter period damage the shoots to a lesser extent. The content of starch and sugars in plant cells prevents the formation of ice crystals in them and damage to cell walls. For the studied species, the average and high sugar content in wood was established. The calculation of the acclimatization number and acclimatization ability largely depends on the hardiness of the plant. The studied dendroflora has a complete and good adaptation to the conditions of the northern agglomeration. In general, the species considered in the study can be recommended for inclusion in the green spaces of the cities of the region and their green zones.

486-491 5
Abstract

A comparative analysis in the use of promising Far Eastern introduced plants for the landscape design in the Krasnoyarsk city is given. Introduction, consisting in the breeding of woody exotics, allows you to increase the range of ornamental plants for landscaping cities and rural settlements. The prospects determining of woody Far Eastern introduced plants allows them to be used more productively when selecting a range of plants for different phytocompositions. A comparative analysis of the plants biometric parameters was performed between plants growing in the arboretum of Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology and plants growing in natural conditions according to the average values obtained during the inventory. Division of woody introduced plants into groups according to the degree of adaptability was performed according to biometric parameters: trunk height, trunk diameter, crown diameter. The first group – well-adapted woody plants in trunk height includes: Acer ginnala, Corylus heterophylla, Pyrus ussuriensis, they are exceeding the control by 11–13 % respectively. According to the trunk diameter the first group of woody plants includes plants with excess control: Rosa rugosa (6 %); Corylus heterophylla (10 %); Malus baccata (12 %), as well as Acer ginnala, which has the smallest difference with the control – 10 %. According to the diameter in the trunk crown the first group of woody plants includes a plant with an excess of control: Prunus maackii (12 %), as well as plants with the smallest difference with the control: Syringa amurensis – 3 %; Prúnus mandschúrica – 10 %; Phellod endronamurense – 10%; Acer ginnala – 12 %; Rosa rugosa – 14 %; Corylus heterophylla – 15 %. Well-adapted introduced plants (group 1) are promising for their use in single, group and alley plantings, mixed groups, arrays, hedges and borders and in other phytocompositions in parks, squares, when landscaping streets and courtyards.

492-494 6
Abstract

Woody and shrubby plants in urban conditions play a significant role in creating favorable human living conditions, maintain ecological balance, and form the aesthetic appearance of settlements. One of the main problems in green building can be called a poor choice of tree and shrub vegetation used for urban landscaping. This problem can be solved with the help of introduction.

Plants that have passed a long stage of introduction in botanical gardens are most resistant to local macro– and micro–climatic growing conditions compared to plants imported from abroad, often losing their decorative properties and having low viability in the conditions of the Middle Urals. The introduction of introducers into the culture largely depends on the methods and technologies of reproduction used, among which the most optimal is the method of clonal microreproduction (in vitro). The article considers the reproduction of ovoid Forsythia (Forsythia ovata Nakai) and Tatar Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica L.) in vitro. Tatar honeysuckle is decorative throughout the growing season, frost-resistant and drought-resistant, not demanding of care, in addition to decorative, honeysuckle can also have practical significance as an understory in forest parks, suburban forests, forest protection plantations [1], where it will create favorable conditions for nesting of small birds and diversify their food supply [2; 5]. Egg-shaped forsythia is a flowering shrub, blooms immediately after snow melts, blooms for 14 days in the conditions of the Middle Urals, one of the most frost-resistant types of forsythia, can be used in topiary art. Both types are promising for use in urban and private landscaping.

495-503 21
Abstract

The correlation and regression of linear parameters of the needles of the blue prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm. f. glauca) forming the leaf surface of trees and ensuring the realization of their dust-retaining ability were investigated. The relevance of the work is determined by the urgent need to optimize the parameters of the air basin of megacities, among which Nizhny Novgorod belongs, including reducing the level of dustiness of the air basin. We proceeded from the fact that the solution of this problem lies in the plane of creating urban landscaping systems from the most adapted and effective representatives of the local dendroflora and exotics, among which are representatives of the genus Spruce (Picea A. Dietr.), and in their composition the prickly blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm. f. glauca). The aim of the study is to identify the correlation and regression of morphological characteristics of the leaf apparatus of the prickly spruce in connection with the determination of its dust–retaining ability. The object of the research were reproductively mature trees of the same age of prickly spruce, growing in three functional zones of the city with different levels of anthropogenic pollution. According to the current forest-growing zoning, the territory of the deployment of experimental plots belongs to the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, coniferous-deciduous forest area of the European part of the Russian Federation (3 forest-growing area). The work was carried out in the spring of 2023. field stationary and laboratory methods in compliance with the principle of the only logical difference and the basic requirements for the organization of experience: typicality, suitability, expediency and reliability. The nature of the manifestation, orientation and closeness of the interdependence between the considered signs of the leaf apparatus of the prickly spruce are revealed. A wide range of values of paired correlation coefficients is noted. A sign-positive, reliable relationship was established between the length of the needles and the surface area of the individual needles (r±mr = 0.691±0.095), as well as with the mass of dust in the flushing from the surface of the needles in a separate sample (r±mr = 0.310±0.125). The fundamental correspondence of the results of regression analysis to the obtained estimates of correlations is recorded.

504-514 7
Abstract

The study of the shape of the tree stems in traditional forest taxation has a long history, which was due to the need for an accurate assessment of the stem volume and the volume stock – the main target indicator of forestry. The study of the crown shape was not of practical interest, and attention was paid to it only in recent years due to the development of laser sensing methods, both aerial and ground ones. Plant growth strategies are reflected in the allometry of their organs, which, using scaling parameters, describes the proportions between the size of the total plant and its organs or between individual organs of the plant. The study of crown allometry reveals the necessary growth space for different tree species and provides the basis for the formation of stands in conditions of optimal density. In our work the generic allometric models of mixed type have been developed for various indicators of crown morphology using the actual data of dendrometric indicators of the stem and crown of 13 forest-forming genera of Eurasia in the amount of about  8 thousand of measurements. The independent variables of the models include both numerical (stem diameter and tree height) and qualitative (dummy) variables encoding the data belonging to a particular genus. Regression coefficients for numerical variables are significant at the level of probability p < 0,0001. For cases when there is no tree height in the source data, auxiliary models of height dependence upon stem diameter are calculated. The genera were ranked according to each of the four morphometric indicators of the crown, and the rank correlation between the distributions of genera by the shape of the stem and crown as well as the correlation between the distributions by morphometric indicators of the crown was calculated. 

515-520 6
Abstract

The history of the introduction of woody plants and its effectiveness on the territory of northern Kazakhstan was analyzed. Based on literature data and materials of the author’s own research are analyzed the prospects of various types subspecies, variations and forms of woody introduces winch are currently used in restoration and afforestation in the specified region. 

It is noted that the center of the introducent researches on the territory of northern Kazakhstan are the botanical gardens, arboretums in Barnaul Petropavlovsk, Astana, Shchuchinsk. The lvistory of the woody plants introduction goes back about 150 years. Scientists managed to compile a list of the most promising woody introducents that was made possible to use the data obtained when creating protecinng roadside strips, landscaping objects in populated areas, green space in the sanitary protection zone of Astana city.

The research carried out made it possible to minimize the costs of work carried out on reforestation, afforestation and creation of landscaping objects by excluding unpromising specific species in specific conditions.

TECHNOLOGY OF LOGGING AND MECHANICAL OPERATION OF WOOD

521-529 6
Abstract

The results of a comparison of the structural and morphological properties of cellulose fibers obtained by the kraft method from introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm) and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) from wood samples of the same diameter are presented in terms of assessing their papermaking potential for use in production paper and cardboard. Pulp for comparison was obtained using the same kraft cooking regime. The pulp yield was 53.6 and 42.0 %, and the kappa number was 39 and 41 for lodgepole pine and Scots pine, respectively.

Measurement of the structural and morphological characteristics of the fibers was carried out on an automatic fiber analyzer L&W Fiber Tester for samples without refining and after refining in a Yokro mill up to 30 SR. For data processing, an original technology for comparative analysis of fiber properties in MS Excel was used; the data is presented in tabular form, and in the form of comparative diagrams of properties and fractional composition, as well as two-dimensional length-width diagrams for fibers.

The results showed great similarity in the structural and morphological properties of unbleached kraft pulp fibers from lodgepole and Scots pine. Compared to Scots pine cellulose, unrefined lodgepole pine fibers are slightly longer (2.098 mm vs. 2.064 mm), and wider (33.7 µm vs. 33.5 µm), and contain less fines (0.9 vs. 1.2 %).

Differences in the fractional composition along the fiber length are more noticeable for unrefined samples. The greatest differences appear for fractions of 1.7–2.3 mm, in which Scots pine has a larger proportion, due to which differences in the average fiber length appear. As a result of refining, under the influence of hydromechanical loads, the properties of lodgepole pine fibers change to a greater extent, and refining to the same SR smooths out differences in the fractional composition along the length of the fiber. The results indicate lower fiber wall strength of lodgepole pine pulp, which is associated with accelerated growth.

530-535 6
Abstract

Particleboards made of wood shavings (PWS) are widely used in furniture and other products manufacturing. The significant disadvantage of these boards is the emission of formaldehyde during use, caused by the presence of formaldehyde resins. This work presents the results of research on the development of a composition for obtaining shavings boards with properties similar to PWS but without the use of synthetic binders.

The proposed boards consist of wood particles (filler) and activated wood mass (matrix). In the research, shavings were used as filler, manufactured using a milling cutter. The wood mass was obtained by treating wood sawdust in a rotary-type hydrodynamic disperser. A multifactor experiment was conducted to determine the dependence of the composition (filler fraction and size, board density) on the mechanical properties (strength under static bending, perpendicular tensile strength) and board swelling. As a result, it was established that the strength indicators of the boards increase with a decrease in the size of the filler particles, an increase in board density, and a decrease in the filler fraction in the composition. Swelling along the thickness of the board decreases with an increase in the filler particle size, a decrease in its fraction in the composition, and an increase in board density.

Using the obtained patterns of the composition's influence on its properties, a multicriteria optimization was carried out. As a result, the optimal composition was established: 70 % filler fraction, shavings fraction number 3, board density 700 kg/m3. This composition allows obtaining boards that meet all the requirements for PWS while having formaldehyde emission class E0. They can be used without any restrictions.

536-540 8
Abstract

Pine nut kernel is a valuable product due to the content of a large number of biologically active substances. Technologies and methods of destruction of pine nut shell for extraction of kernels are diverse and provide for the use of manual labor and a variety of machines and equipment. The performed analysis of the existing equipment for removal of pine nut shells, as well as made a patent search on databases in Russia and abroad, showed that at present there is a continuous search for the creation of new machines that ensure the preservation of pine nut kernel in a whole state after the destruction of pine nut shells. According to the results of research of physical and chemical composition of pine nut shell it was decided to use for cleaning of mechanical strong microporous shell of pine nut a solution of table salt of certain concentration. The research of the influence of the concentration of table salt solution on the change of mechanical strength of the shell was carried out. The technological scheme of using the solution of table salt for shell destruction was developed and the design of new equipment for realization of this working operation was created. According to the results of patent research the analog and prototype were selected for registration of normative and design documentation for registration and filing of the application for invention. 

ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

541-545 8
Abstract

Growth-stimulating compounds are a group of plant hormones that are important Growth-stimulating compounds are a group of plant hormones that are important regulators of a number of physiological processes in plants. Problems with seed germination are often associated with unfavorable microclimatic conditions. The availability of moisture after sowing is one of the most important factors affecting seed germination in the nursery. The aim  of experimental studies was to evaluate the effect of growth-stimulating substance based on extract of woody greens of Siberian fir and Siberian spruce on seed germination of four commercially important forest species: Siberian spruce (Picea obovata (L.)), common pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica (L.)) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica (L.)). The obtained results of experimental studies allow us to establish a significant effect of coniferous seeds treatment2 quality class on their qualitative parameters. Seed germination energy increased by 27.5 % for Siberian spruce, by 32.1 % for Siberian pine, by 38.9 % for Siberian fir, by 33.2 % for Siberian larch in comparison with the control. Technical and absolute germination increased in Siberian spruce – by 20.8 and 19.3 %, in common pine –  by 22.7 and 22.3 %, in Siberian fir – by 19.8 and 18.7 %, in Siberian larch – by 21.8 and 19.2 %, respectively pine, by 19.8 and 18.7 % for Siberian fir, and by 21.8 and 19.2 % for Siberian larch, respectively.

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ISSN 1993-0135 (Print)