TECHNICAL PROBLEMS, CREATED BY CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVOIRS OF HPP ON FOREST LANDS

Global transformations of the natural environment are associated with the most vulnerable components of nature – water, forests. The construction of large hydroelectric power plants (HPP) on wooded lands, including coniferous wood, has a particular impact on the environment and the creation of environmental problems. The share of HPP in the structure of energy supply in Russia accounts for only 23,3 %, and the development of economically efficient hydropower resources is about 20 %, which is the lowest level among developed and developing countries. The economically efficient hydropower potential of Siberian rivers is used by 29,5 %, the Far East – by 6.9 % [1]. Therefore, in accordance with the «Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030», it was planned to build a number of large HPP to develop the unused potential of Siberian rivers. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, promising HPP are Nizhneboguchanskaya, Motyginskaya on the Angara River, Evenkyskaya with a counterregulator on the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River and Nizhne-Kureiskaya on the Kureika River [2]; in the Far East – the construction of four flood-proof dams on the tributaries of the Amur within the framework of an agreement between PJSC RusHydro and the Chinese corporation Three Gorges [3]. In the newly adopted «Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2035» [14], the names of future HPP are excluded, but this does not mean that HPP that were previously forecasted for design and construction will be excluded from the list. New objects and the order of construction of the HPP may appear. The prospective development of hydropower resources is one of the condition in ensuring the national security of Russia. HPP reservoirs on wooded lands in the process of their construction and operation create certain risks for the surrounding natural and social environment: the movement of huge masses of soil during the construction of dams; abrasion processes on the banks of reservoirs; migration of floating coniferous wood pulp and peat fields; loss of forest resources; risks of deterioration of fresh water quality in reservoirs of HPP. The purpose of the presented studies is to assess the degree of significance and the likelihood of adverse impacts on the environment from the creation of reservoirs on forest lands. The presented research findings were obtained on the basis of many years of research and design work of employees of the Department of Transport, Construction and Water Use of the Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology

1. Novozhenin V. D., Tulyankin S. V. Gidroenergetika Rossii // Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel′stvo. 2016. № 1. S. 2–7.

2. Energeticheskaya strategiya Rossii na period do 2030 goda. Utv. Rasporyazheniyem Pravitel′stva RF ot 13.11.2009 g. № 1715-r.

3. PAO “RusGidro” [Internet-resurs] / “RusGidro” podpisalo soglasheniye s kitayskoy korporatsiyey “Tri Ushchel′ya” o sovmestnoy realizatsii gidroenergeticheskikh proyektov na Dal′nem Vostoke Rossii // Rezhim dostupa: http://www.rushydro.ru/press/news/95542.html (data obrashcheniya: 20.04.2019).

4. Nikitina O. I., Simonov E. A., Yegidarev E. G. Adaptatsiya k navodneniyam na Amure i okhrana prirody // Byulleten′ “Ispol′zovaniye i okhrana prirodnykh resursov”. 2015. № 3. S. 15–24.

5. O bezopasnosti gidrotekhnicheskikh sooruzheniy. Federal′nyy zakon № 117-FZ ot 21.07.1997.

6. Malakhanov V. V. O kontseptsii bezopasnosti gidrotekhnicheskikh sooruzheniy // Gidrotekhnicheskiye sooruzheniya. 2002. № 9. S. 34–46.

7. Plotiny i razvitiye: Novaya metodicheskaya osnova dlya prinyatiya resheniy: otchet Vsemirnoy komissii po plotinam. M. : Vsemirnyy fond dikoy prirody (WWC), 2009. 200 s.

8. Goryunov P. V. Ekonomicheskiy paradoks – gidroenergetika i vodokhranilishcha GES // Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel′stvo. 2002. № 10. S. 17–21.

9. Frolov D. I., Volosukhin V. A. Sovershenstvovaniye Rossiyskogo zakonodatel′stva po bezopasnosti gidrotekhnicheskikh sooruzheniy // Ispol′zovaniye i okhrana prirodnykh resursov v Rossii : Nauchnoinformatsionnyy i problemno-analiticheskiy byulleten′. 2012. № 6. S. 17–21.

10. SanPiN 3907–85 Sanitarnyye pravila proyektirovaniya, stroitel′stva i ekspluatatsii vodokhranilishch. Utv. Zamestitelem glavnogo gosudarstvennogo vracha SSSR 01.07.1985 g.

11. STO 171302282/17/27/140/036–2009 “Gidroelektrostantsii. Vodokhranilishcha GES. Osnovnyye pravila proyektirovaniya i stroitel′stva. Normy i pravila”. Data vvedeniya. 12.31.2009. 48 s.

12. Korpachev V. P., Perezhilin A. I., Andriyas A. A. Vodokhranilishcha GES Sibiri. Problemy proyektirovaniya, sozdaniya i ekspluatatsii : monografiya. Krasnoyarsk : SibGTU, 2015. 209 s.

13. Korpachev V. P., Malinin L. I., Chebykh M. M. Metodika prognozirovaniya postupleniya drevesnoy massy pri zatoplenii i ekspluatatsii vodokhranilishch GESAngaro-Yeniseyskogo regiona // Ispol′zovaniye i vosstanovleniye resursov Angaro-Yeniseyskogo regiona : sb. nauch. tr. Vsesoyuzn. nauch.-prakt. konf. T. II. Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, 1991. S. 107–113

14. Energeticheskaya strategiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2035 goda. Utv. Rasporyazheniyem Pravitel′stva RF ot 09.06.2020 g. № 1523-r.

15. Markov S. G., Fedorov K. K., Aleksandrov V. D. Instruktsiya po izyskaniyam, proyektirovaniyu, stroitel′- stvu, montazhu i ekspluatatsii zapaney ; pod red. G. D. Yakovleva. M. : Lesn. prom-st′, 1971. 104 s.

16. SP 20.13330.2016 Nagruzki i vozdeystviya. Aktualizirovannaya redaktsiya SNiP 2.01.07–85. Utv. Prikazom Minstroy Rossii ot 03.12.2016 g. № 89, vveden s 04.06.2017 g.

17. SP 38.13330.2018 Nagruzki i vozdeystviya na gidrotekhnicheskiye sooruzheniya (volnovyye, ledovyye i ot sudov). Utv. prikazom ministerstva stroitel′stva i zhilishchno-kommunal′nogo khozyaystva RF ot 16.08.2018 g. № 53; vveden s 17.02.2019 g.

18. Utochnennyy prognoz vsplyvaniya torfa v Boguchanskom vodokhranilishche. Kniga I: otchet o NIR / Gor′kovskaya geologorazvedochnaya ekspeditsiya PO “Torfgeologiya”, ruk. V. I. Den′gub. Gor′kiy, 1987. 115 s.

19. Korpachev V. P., Perezhilin A. I., Andriyas A. A. Prognoz zagryazneniya vodokhranilishcha Motyginskoy GES organicheskimi veshchestvami rastitel′nogo proiskhozhdeniya // Khvoynyye boreal′noy zony, T. 33, № 1-2. 2015. S. 66–68.

20. Otsenka ob′′yemov bolotno-torfyanykh zalezhey zony zatopleniya Evenkiyskoy GES / V. P. Korpachev, A. I. Perezhilin, A. A. Andriyas, YU. I. Ryabokon′ // Khvoynyye boreal′noy zony, T. 32, № 5-6. 2014. S. 90– 94.

21. Patent № 1312139 SSSR. MPK E02B 15/00. Sposob bor′by s plavayushchimi torfyanymi ostrovami / Pyzhikov A. V. [i dr.]. (SSSR). zayavl. 25.11.85, opubl. 23.05.87; Byul. № 19. 2 s.

22. Patent № 2444590 Rossiya. MPK E02B 15/00, E21C 49/00. Sposob razrabotki torfyanykh poley na akvatoriyakh vodokhranilishch i ustroystvo dlya osushchestvleniya sposoba / Korpachev V. P. [i dr.]. (RF). zayavl. 12.07.2010, opubl. 10.03.2012; Byul. № 7. 3 s.

23. Makhinov A. N. Opolzen′ i tsunami na reke Bureye 11 dekabrya 2018 goda // Nauchno-populyarnaya biblioteka, “Priroda”. 2019. № 4. 14 s.