History of cultivation and prospects of planting pine pine nuts in Eastern Europe

Abstract

The history of the appearance of the European cedar, the change in the areas of the Siberian cedar and the European cedar on the European continent from the Pliocene to the modern Holocene is presented. The biological and ecological properties of these rocks are described. According to a wide range of nutritious and healing properties of pine nuts, economically valuable, decorative and health-improving properties, these species are outstanding creations of nature. Natural plantations of Siberian cedar on the western border of the range, in the Komi Republic, European cedar in isolates of the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians are distinguished by low seed and stem productivity, low polymorphism. In Eastern Europe, artificial plantings of Siberian cedar, isolated – European cedar, are available in different forest zones of Russia – from the Murmansk Arctic and the Arkhangelsk region to the Central regions of the forest. The concentration of plants from different regions and populations of the natural range contributed to the creation of polymorphic plantations. There is a high individual, intrazonal, geographical variability of trees in seed productivity, growth energy, structural characteristics of the yield, crown development, and others. The best conditions for the realization of productivity with free placement of trees, as well as other properties, are in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests. Here, in medium-yielding years, 1–1.5 kg of nuts were harvested from one tree, in good years – 3–5, in high-yielding – 9–12 kg. Polymorphism makes it possible to identify genotypes with a high value of economically valuable traits and use their vegetative offspring (cuttings) to create target plantations and other plantations – nut[1]producing, fast-growing, ecological, ornamental in order to rapidly obtain a large volume of weighty and weightless cedar products.