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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hbz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Хвойные бореальной зоны</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Conifers of the boreal area</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-0135</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СибГУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hbz-85</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОЛОГИЯ И ЭКОЛОГИЯ, ЛЕСНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, FORESTRY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование дефектов в горизонтальной структуре лесных насаждений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Simulating defects in the horizontal structure of forest stands</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суховольский</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhovol'sky</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>660036, Красноярск, Академгородок, 50/28; 660036, Красноярск, Академгородок, 50</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>50/28, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036; 50, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>660037, Красноярск, просп. им. газеты «Красноярский Рабочий», 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>31, Krasnoyarskii Rabochii prospekt, Krasnoyarsk, 660037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuzakharov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>660036, Красноярск, Академгородок, 50</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>50, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт леса им. В.Н. Сукачева СО РАН; Международный научный центр исследования экстремальных состояний организма КНЦ СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS; Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences'</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имени академика М.Ф. Решетнева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Международный научный центр исследования экстремальных состояний организма КНЦ СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences'</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title>(специальный)</issue-title><fpage>583</fpage><lpage>588</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Суховольский В.Г., Захаров Ю.В., Ковалев А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Суховольский В.Г., Захаров Ю.В., Ковалев А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sukhovol'sky V.G., Zakharov Y.V., Kovalev A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hbz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/85">https://hbz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/85</self-uri><abstract><p>Реальный лес «заполнен» разными пустотами – полянами, прогалинами, квартальными просеками и лесными дорогами. Рассматриваются модели динамических процессов в лесу, связанных с появлением и исчезновением дефектов в горизонтальной структуре леса. Рассмотрены модели двух типов, описывающие процессы появления и исчезновения вакансий в горизонтальной структуре насаждения, и обсуждаются условия, при выполнении которых возможно существование устойчивых состояний насаждений с малым числом вакансий.</p><p>В кинетической модели рассматриваются процессы появления и исчезновения вакансий как стационарные во времени и характеризуемые постоянными значениями величин вероятности появления вакансий и вероятности их исчезновения. Показано, что в кинетической модели с независимыми стационарными интенсивностями переходов нет ограничений на число вакансий в лесу, что не согласуется с натурными данными.</p><p>В оптимизационной модели слабонеидеального ваканс-газа предполагается, что состояние отдельного дерева зависит как от его взаимодействия с другими деревьями, так и от взаимодействия с вакансиями. Вакансии же между собой не взаимодействуют в силу их редкости и большого расстояния между ними. В модели</p><p>введена оптимизационная функция как характеристика риска гибели насаждения и предполагается, что в хо-</p><p>де эволюционных процессов ведется отбор на экосистемы с такой плотностью вакансий, при которой риск гибели системы минимален. Показано, что риск гибели деревьев в насаждении будет минимальным в ситуации, когда в насаждении имеется небольшое число вакансий, существенно меньшее общего числа деревьев в лесу.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>А wild forest is 'filled' with defects (or gaps) of various kinds, such as glades, clearings, cuttings, forest roads. The models of dynamic processes in the forest, which are connected with the appearance and disappearance of vacancies in the horizontal forest structure are considered. Two types of the models that describe the processes of appearance and disappearance of such vacancies are presented. The conditions under which the existence of stable states with small number of vacancies is possible are discussed.</p><p>The kinetic model considers processes of appearance and disappearance of vacancies as stationary with constant values of the probabilities of the appearance and disappearance. It is shown that the kinetic model with independent intensities of transitions has no restrictions on the number of vacancies in the forest, which is not consistent with the field data.</p><p>The optimizing model of the weakly imperfect gas of vacancies assumes that the condition of an individual tree depends on its interaction with other trees and with vacancies. Vacancies themselves do not interact because they are rare and separated by vast distances. The model introduces an optimization function as the characteristic of the dieback risk of a stand, and it is assumed that the existing evolutionary processes select ecosystems with the density of vacancies at which the system has minimal loss risk. It is shown that the dieback risk of the trees in a stand is minimal if the number of vacancies in the stand is much less than the number of trees.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лесные насаждения</kwd><kwd>появление вакансий</kwd><kwd>исчезновение вакансий</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forest stand</kwd><kwd>appearance of vacancies</kwd><kwd>disappearance of vacancies</kwd><kwd>simulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzykin A.I., Gavrikov V.L., Sekretenko O.P., Hlebopros R.G. 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